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In this chapter, I hypothesize about the meaning of the most important discovery exposed in Chapters 5 through 11 of Part One, which is that the magnitudes of quantum units of inertial force are 137.036... times greater than that of the quantum units of both electromagnetic and gravitational force. I speculate as to the veracity of the following statements:
Historically, the physical forces were placed into two categories--real and fictitious. The four real forces are between discrete groups of matter. The gravitational and electromagnetic forces are the long-range (extranuclear) ones, while the strong and weak forces are the short-range (intranuclear) ones. We call them real because we--pretty much--understand how they work (but not why they work).
Contrariwise, we have difficulty with the, so-called, fictitious (or pseudo) forces, all of which are forms of inertial force and are among aggregate groups of matter. These are the coriolis, centrifugal, and straight-line inertial forces, which manifest themselves when a non-gravitational force is applied to a massive object (MO) causing it to change its acceleration. Some people believe that, just because these forces are called fictitious, they do not really exist. However, these "fictitious" forces are real and are gravitational-force phenomena.
What follows is based, in large part, upon the discoveries of Part One of this book and upon the realization that all other explanations are less plausible.
Each MO in the universe is pulled by a multitude of gravitational-force vectors, which radiate outward in three dimensions in almost every direction--geometrically, like the rays of the sun. Each one of these vectors comes from one of all the other surrounding MOs in the universe. In essence, each MO's surrounding gravitational-force vectors from all of the other MOs in the universe "try" to pull it apart. Yet, it cannot "feel" these forces because, as gravitational forces, they apply themselves to each and every atom in it, and their magnitudes vary for each atom in proportion to the mass of that atom.
Macroscopically, then, each pair of two opposing gravitational-force vectors of equal magnitude does not appear to affect the MO to which it applies. On the atomic level, however, these outward-radiating vectors pull the orbits of bound electrons away from their nuclei. This is apparent in the hydrogen atom, where the length of the ground-state orbit of the bound electron is 137.036... times greater than the electron's quantum attribute of length (see Table XIV in Appendix E). This phenomenon indicates that, as the magnitudes of these opposing gravitational forces increase, the MOs become larger (and more "empty"), age faster, and accelerate less when constant forces are applied to them. In essence, the electron's quantum attributes of length and time elongate, yet their quotient remains the same--the speed of light.
All of these outward-radiating gravitational-force vectors do not completely cancel each other. Those vectors that do, create what we call "inertial" force. Those that do not, add into a vectorial sum of a particular magnitude and direction, which accelerate the MO at a particular rate. In essence, this sum includes the gravitational-force-vector contribution from each of the other MOs that exist in the universe. Therefore, every MO in the universe is accelerating. This is its natural state.
These outward-radiating gravitational-force vectors tend to maintain the current rate of acceleration of an MO such that, when a non-gravitational force is applied to it, these force vectors resist a change in its rate of acceleration. The greater the magnitude of this non-gravitational force, the greater the resistance (inertia).
The aggregate magnitude of the radiating gravitational-force vectors that cancel each other (that do not contribute to the vectorial sum) appears to be the same for every MO in our solar system (and probably for any MO within several light-years). This means that we cannot directly detect the gravitational forces that are applied to our solar system. We are like fish, unaware that they are in water, or like our forebears of a few centuries past who did not realize that they lived at the bottom of a sea of air.
At a location in the universe that is relatively empty of surrounding MOs (far away from our solar system), the aggregate magnitudes of the radiating gravitational-force vectors that do not contribute to the vectorial sum are less than the magnitudes near our solar system.
As an extreme example, suppose that a hypothetical universe contains only one MO, such that no external gravitational forces are applied to it. One would think that inertial force would not exist in such a universe. If this were so, a mere tap on that one MO would immediately accelerate it to the speed of light, no matter how massive it would be. Then again, the acceleration of the only MO in an otherwise empty universe cannot be measured.
From the discoveries revealed in Part One of this book, the aggregate magnitude of the radiating gravitational-force vectors that cancel each other (that do not contribute to the vectorial sum) in our solar system appears to be 137.036... times greater than "something." Reasonably, that "something" is the magnitude of inertial force in that "empty" universe, where one newton of force applied for one second to a one kilogram mass would increase its velocity by 137.036... meters per second. Therefore, the fine-structure constant appears not to be a FUPCON but a systemic constant, which varies in magnitude throughout the universe.
As long as the only forces applied to an MO are gravitational, it "detects" no force. It seems to be "weightless," yet it continues to accelerate at the rate determined by both the gravitational-force vector sum and the magnitude of inertia at its location in the universe. More precisely, at any moment in time, each MO possesses a single absolute acceleration rate, which is proportional to the vectorial sum of all forces applied to it (both gravitational and non-gravitational) and the aggregate magnitude of all the opposing gravitational-force vectors. Every MO has many relative velocities and accelerations because each one is relative to a different MO.
The line of travel of an MO that has only gravitational forces applied to it is its gravity line. The direction of an MO's gravity line coincides with that of the gravitational-force-vector sum applied to it.
A non-gravitational force that is applied to an MO counteracts that portion of the MO's gravitational-force vector that is equal in magnitude to it but opposite in direction. This portion of the gravitational-force vector was always applied to the MO, but because no non-gravitational force opposed it, it was not detected. Now, it is detected, and we call that seemingly magical appearance of a force, inertial force. In sum, inertial force exists as impeded gravitational force.
A small MO in orbit about a big MO is following its gravity line because it "feels" no forces acting upon it. This means that only gravitational forces are being applied. The big MO's gravitational "pull" on the small MO is part of the small MO's gravitational-force-vector sum, which also includes the "pulls" of gravity (what we call "inertial force") from the rest of the MOs in the universe.
Each part of an MO, such as a planet or gyroscope, which rotates relative to the gravitational-force vectors that are applied to it, balances with a conjugate part of the same MO, the same distance from the center of rotation on the opposite side. However, the two parts in each conjugate pair move in opposite directions at the same speed. Also, each part is acted upon by the same gravitational-force vectors as is any other part of the rotating MO. However, because each part is constantly changing direction, much of its normally undetected gravitational-force vectors convert to inertial force in the form of centrifugal force.
Suppose that, by some magic, a humongous MO appears from nowhere next to a small MO, which is blithely following its gravity line. That small MO's gravity line will suddenly change direction and move toward the humongous MO because its individual gravitational-force vector is now added to the gravitational-force-vector sum of the small MO, which will not detect any new gravitational force being applied to it. It will remain "weightless."
If the Earth would be in a part of the universe where the aggregate magnitudes of the gravitational-force vectors applied to it are double that of those in our solar system, examples of phenomena that could possibly occur there are:
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